Comparisons

• Advaita and Vishishtadvaita — Where They Agree and Where They Part

  Both Advaita Vedānta (Śaṅkarācārya) and Viśiṣṭādvaita (Rāmānuja) accept the authority of the Upaniṣads, the Gita, and the Brahma Sūtras. Both hold Brahman as ultimate reality. But their understanding of the relationship between individual souls, the world, and Brahman diverges in ways that affect practice, devotion, and the very goal of spiritual life.

• Jnana Yoga and Bhakti Yoga — Different Paths or the Same Journey?

  The Bhagavad Gita presents both Jñāna Yoga (knowledge) and Bhakti Yoga (devotion) as valid paths to liberation. From Śaṅkara to Rāmānuja and the great bhakti poets, their relationship has been debated, synthesised, and lived out in remarkably different ways.

• Sanatan Dharma, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism — Four Traditions, One Question

  The four great Dharmic traditions of the Indian subcontinent ask the same foundational question — how does a conscious being find liberation from the cycle of suffering? — and give remarkably coherent yet distinctly different answers. Mapping their convergences and divergences is one of the most illuminating exercises available to a serious student of any one of them.

• Vedānta and Buddhism — The Great Debate on the Self

  The dialogue between Vedānta and Buddhism is the most profound and sustained philosophical exchange in the Dharmic tradition. Both start from the recognition that ordinary human experience is marked by suffering and driven by ignorance. Both point toward liberation. They disagree, precisely and consequentially, on what the self is — and whether there is one at all.